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英语写作指导:高中英语写作指导

一、利用表象,丰富想象

观察图画和实物作文符合英语作文起步阶段需要有一定的情景要求,也符合高中学生有意想象占优势的特点,同时避免了文字情节作文易使学生中译英的缺点,但若每一次训练都是刻板的再现材料,创造想象则难以增长。如果在教学设计时,在图中留有空白,或对实物设置悬念,不仅可以引发学生的好奇心,激发他们对英语作文的兴趣,减轻他们的惧怕心理,而且可以促使学生通过创造性的想象去填补空白,解决悬念。

如senior bookⅰ,unit 3 中的help! help!,可按发展顺序设计几幅救落水儿童的图,但只给学生展示第一、二两幅图,图画的内容大致与课文内容相同,但是后几幅的空白,使学生必须通过创造性的想象才能填补材料的空白。学生可以引用课文中的材料,也可以自由发挥。有学生这样写到:

last week, we had a picnic in forest park. we found a shady place by the river. as soon as we had sat down, tom suddenly got up and shouted, someone has fallen into the river! it was true. a boy was struggling in the water, and the children in a boat looked hopeless. tom and jack took off their shoes while running to wards the water. they swam very quickly towards the boy who was sinking fast. tom and jack got hold of the boy by the arms and lifted his head above the water. together they pulled the boy to the shore.

之后,再给学生展示其中一幅图,或一句话的情景:,a man/a woman/a child, etc. has fallen into the river/the lake, etc.。让学生自由选择自由发挥。有的根据曾在报上看到的新闻,称颂一身怀六甲的妇女勇救落水儿童的事迹,也有的谴责那些对落水者无动于衷的旁观者。学生的作文体裁记叙文、议论文不限。这样,既训练了他们书面的表达能力,又发挥了他们的想象和创造能力、思维表达能力。同时也让他们思索了做人的道理。

二、精选图画,激发想象

处于英语作文起步阶段的学生的想象具有直观性,片面性和模仿性的特点,为其提供的观察材料越具体、越完整、越详实,他们的这些特点往往表现得越明显,有时甚至强化了他们的这些特点。换个方式,为他们提供一些抽象的图画,他们的创造想象反而被激活,因为他们必须在原有的图画上进行创造才可能有新的形象产生。而抽象画作品所表现的物象与参照物相差甚远,它最大限度地把形与色对视觉作用的潜力发挥出来,直观效果非常强烈。它经过夸张、简化、分解、组合等变化手段,将客观事物的表象创造成为富于想象力。如荷兰画家蒙德里安的表达百老汇街道的嘈杂与热闹的《百老汇爵士》(jazz in broadway)是一幅看上去比较抽象的图画,学生通过观察、运用合理的想象,写出了内容各异的作品。

有学生这样写到:

it is the downtown of shanghai. the streets, such as nanjing road and huaihai road, etc are busy. cars, buses and trucks with all kinds of advertisements are running. people dressed in their best are walking happily or hurrying to work on their bikes. beautifully decorated stores are crowded with people shopping. they all look in high spirits. the traffic policemen at the crossings are directing the traffic attentively and seriously. everything is in good order. such is our city. i love our city.

而另有学生在他们的作文中认为这是一个排污系统(drain outlet system )或电路板(circuit board)或房屋平面图(a plane figure of a house)等等。

可见,由抽象的图画到生动画面的产生,到一篇作文的写作成功,是创造想象不断发展的过程,也是提高英语语言运用能力的过程。

三、借助音乐,拓宽想象

音乐能有效地丰富学生的精神生活,促进学生感知、情感、想象等方面的健康成长,能给学生提供想象和联想的广阔空间,有利于培养学生的发散性思维能力,促进人的全脑开发,为学生的创新精神和实践能力在各方面的延伸乃至终身发展提供良好的基础。因此,在英语写作训练中有时借助音乐等艺术形式,对丰富学生的想象力是一种有益的尝试。

如senior book ⅵ ,unit 7中的the waltz king 这一课文,根据内容,可设计让学生听一首beethoven的命运(fate),让学生根据自己的理解,写一篇作文,一位学生这样写到:

i am a graduate from high school, and i will enter for the collage entrance examination. whether i will be admitted to a collage, i will work harder than before , since our country is still poor and weak.

从作品中我们可以发现,借助音乐,学生的想象力得到了较大幅度的拓展。音乐艺术对学生的创造能力的发展具有独特的作用。

四、灵活方法,发展想象

创造想象是严格的构思过程,它是由思维调节的。想象会产生全新的物象与情景、独特的认识和感悟。一段文字、一篇文章,给不同的读者,就有不同的想象余地。正如:a thousand readers, a thousand hamlets.(一千个读者,就有一千个哈姆雷特。)在英语作文教学中根据一定的线索或情节,提供学生广阔的思维空间,让学生进行想象描述(创造性的描述),会收到很好的锻炼效果。

例如 after twenty years (senior book ⅵ,unit 5) 这一课,可要求学生在学完之后, 简单续写一个结尾。这是一篇根据o. henry 同名原作改写的文章。文章的故事情节虽然简单,但很能挖掘、发挥学生的创造想象力。学生这样写到:

as soon as the police officer wanted to catch bob by the arm, he took out a gun, aimed at the officer and said, i knew i was wanted, but i dont want to be arrested anyway. tell jim wells i will come to visit him one day. just at that time, the police officer found himself surrounded by some strong men, gun in hand, pointing to him. bob then walked into the street and got into a car parking there, followed by those strong men. the car soon disappeared.

另有学生这样写到:

the moment the officer caught bob by the arm, he got rid of it and ran away at once. he was running down the street as fast as he could, when he was shot on the right shoulder. he turned round. to his great surprise, it was jim wells, his o ld friend. he fell on the ground and fainted.

在作文教学中,通过对一定的语言材料进行不同方式的处理,确实是锻炼学生的思维,发展学生的想象力的一条重要途径。当学生对当前的语言材料进行阅读、处理时,进行了充分的分析、比较,又充分展示了自己的想象力,其思维得到了充分的发散。心理学研究已经证实,发散思维对个体的创造性有着重要影响,我们应该根据教材特点,结合教学内容,注意这种思维能力的训练,并创造一些行之有效的教学技术。可以说,续写结尾、续写故事、改写、扩写等,都是高中英语作文教学中锻炼学生思维,发展学生想象力的有效手段。

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